In southeastern USA, two small Vitex tree species preceded the naturalization of V. rotundifolia, both having escaped horticultural planting. May, 2005. Tampa, Florida, USA: Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida. Calyx tube cylindrical, 3-4 mm long, 2-3 mm diam. http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxiousDriver, Virginia General Assembly, 2016. Leaves mostly 1-foliolate, rarely a few 2- or 3- 5-7 (-9) foliolate, sessile or with short petioles. Vitex rotundifolia was brought from Korea to North Carolina beaches in the mid-1980s to protect beaches from coastal erosion. This results in intense sand hydrophobicity that persists in the soil for many years. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 2009. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, xiv, http://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/plants/herbarium/specimens/, Cousins MM; Briggs J; Gresham C; Whetstone J; Whitwell T, 2010. > 0°C, dry summers, Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter, Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. Plan A, 2008. [34][35] Diverse groups of pollinators visit the flowers in search of the 0.5 µl/flower nectar reward. Journal of Adelaide Botanical Garden, 10:31-79. Common name. Blade obovate-oval, broadly oblong-elliptic, orbicular, or obovate-spatulate, 2.5-5 cm long, 1.5-3 cm broad; base tapering to rounded, margin entire, apex abruptly subacuminate to rounded; abaxial (lower) surface velvety to minutely silky tomentose, adaxial (upper) surface usually pale dull green and pubescent; pair of nerves 4-6. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. USA: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Centre. North Carolina Noxious Weeds List. Biomedical Chromatography, 21(9):967-975. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/114230945/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0, Hu Yuan; Zhu Yu; Zhang QiaoYan; Xin HaiLiang; Qin LuPing; Lu BaoRong; Rahman K; Zheng HanChen, 2008. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2, Florida Museum of Natural History, 2015. http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/, MO, 2016. It has a sprawling growth habit and produces runners that root regularly at nodes. Beach Vitex Task Force, 2013. Potential Invaders of Non-native, Invasive Plants in Delaware. Banisteria, 34:45-47. Chemical control These new understandings into genetic variation and population structure of natural populations may be used to guide the conservation and medicinal use of V. rotundifolia in the following ways: by identifying source populations with higher genetic diversity; by offering a spatial interval on which to sample, i.e. Raleigh, North Carolina, USA: Plant Industry Division - Plant Protection Section. Running horizontal stems produce frequent upright branches. http://www.fws.gov/northeast/endangered/PDF/Piping_Plover_five_year_review_and_summary.pdf. Vitex rotundifolia L.f. 1782. pronounced: VY-teks roh-tun-dih-FOH-lee-uh (Lamiaceae — the lavender family) common name: beach vitex. 400 mya and harbors coastal plant taxa (Setoguchi et al., 2010). to avoid collecting from clonal material with identical genotypes (Hu et al., 2008). Despite the fact that the revision is well supported with volumes of data, many authors continue to incorrectly place the plant in Verbenaceae. [36] The physical dormancy mechanism is believed to be inforced at least in part by cuticular alkanes that prevent water penetration. [43] These same organizations believe that V. rotundifolia may limit the ability of baby turtles to reach the ocean after they hatch. Virginia has enacted a permanent statewide quarantine (effective 05/07/12) to limit further V. rotundifolia spread. [3] The specific epithet, rotundifolia, is derived from the Latin rotundus, which means "round, spherical", and folium, meaning "leaf.” This is a reference to the rounded character of the leaves. 2015, US Fish and Wildife Service, Please use https://www.cabi.org/ISC for full site. Dormancy generally allows for entrenchment in habitats and viability in widely dispersed seed, i.e. According to Hu et al. Unless homeowners are aware of its negative impacts on the shoreline, this species - easy to propagate, salt and drought tolerant, low growing, and attractive - might continue to be planted. Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. Significant variations have been observed with regard to genotype and chemotype of various beach vitex samples collected from across China. [48][49], Initially, beach vitex stems are wounded using a machete. It was believed that differentiation of separated populations might be the cause of variations between populations.[40]. Applications in Plant Sciences. http://www.bishopmuseum.org/. In: Proceedings of the 50th Annual Southern Nursery Association Research Conference. [6] Each seed is encapsulated in a separate compartment. [36][37] Researchers have observed V. rotundifolia fruits floating on rivers and oceans. Introduction. It is native to Asia, including China and Japan, and also to Oceania, including Australia and Papua New Guinea. Also, within populations a clear spatial structure was demonstrated, with gene clusters occurring at approximately 20 m intervals. Leaf blade thickness differentiation between coastal and freshwater populations of the coastal plant, http://www.starrenvironmental.com/resources/, http://www.fws.gov/northeast/endangered/PDF/Piping_Plover_five_year_review_and_summary.pdf, https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/wra/Vitex_rotundifolia_WRA.pdf, https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx, http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxiousDriver, http://leg1.state.va.us/000/reg/TOC02005.HTM#C0316, http://www.northinlet.sc.edu/beachvitex/media/bv_risk_assessment.pdf, https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth, https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. It does not grow on well-vegetated sites and so cannot tolerate competition by V. rotundifolia. May, 2005. Development of microsatellite markers for Vitex rotundifolia (Verbenaceae), an endangered coastal plant in Lake Biwa, Japan. V. rotundifolia is capable of overwintering on the dunes in South and North Carolina and in gulf coastal areas. Setoguchi H; Ishibashi N; Fujita K; Matsubara H; Terada K; Yagi H, 2010. Atlas of Florida vascular plants. The round leaves are gray-green to silvery and 1 to … Plants of Hawaii., Makawao, Hawaii, USA: Starr Environmental. Thickets can reach 15-60 cm high. The species has been evaluated at the arboretum of North Carolina State University since 1978 (Olsen and Bell, 2005) and has been planted in gardens inland (Whitten 4072b, FLAS; Hauser et. About 18 species are known in cultivation. simplicifolia Cham. [2] Moldenke reported V. rotundifolia in Brazil, Mauritius, Reunion, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands, China, Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Korea, Indochina, Thailand, Borneo, and Sarawak. USDA-APHIS, 2013. At maturity, V. rotundifolia produces blue-purple flowers that are borne in clusters and ultimately yield small brown-black fruits. More recently, ISSR microsatellite markers have been developed to investigate genetic diversity and population structure of V. rotundifolia in its native range. Pensacola, Florida, USA: UWF. Ocean currents are believed to be responsible for the pervasiveness of V. rotundifolia throughout the Pacific. http://www.fleppc.org/list/2015/criteria_Vitex-rotundifolia.pdf, FLEPPC, 2015. Vintex Rotundifloria. These cultivars have undergone successful trials at Longwood Gardens. means you agree to our use of cookies. (2007), V. rotundifolia has been protected as a Threatened species in Shiga Prefecture of Honshu, Japan, and was also included in the List of the Important Wild Plants for Conservation in China in 1989. L, 2016. Within ten years, a survey discovered plants at 246 sites in South Carolina and at 621 sites in North Carolina (Cousins et al., 2010a). There were large genetic differences between populations, indicating there is limited gene flow between populations. Vitex rotundifolia is a member of the family Lamiaceae [8] and subfamily Viticoideae. The style extends beyond the stamens (total length: 12 mm). Like most websites we use cookies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, xviii + 1021 pp. The round leaves are gray-green to silvery and 1 to 2 inches long. Abe reported V. rotundifolia flowers on Nishino-shima Island were visited by flies, honey bees, beetles, butterflies, and ants though most of the visitors were ants. It has a sprawling growth habit and produces runners that root regularly at nodes. Specifically a tropical to temperate coastal environment hosting deep sands and shifting substrate as found on coastal sand dunes of shorelines and coastal strand. Evidence indicates that beach vitex possesses a combinational dormancy mechanism. McAvoy WA, 2011. Nova Odessa, Brazil: Plantarum Institute of Plant Studies, 672 pp. Vitex rotundifolia. [2] Leaves measure 2 to 6.5 cm in length and 1-4.5 cm in width. Plants of Hawaii. Patterns in germination of this and related species (Murren et al., 2014) suggest the influence of physical and physiological dormancy in the seed (Cousins et al., 2010b). Lee S; Lee Y; Kim Y; Kim J; Kang D; Lee H, 2012. Missouri Botanical Garden. In light of the invasive characteristics of V. rotundifolia, it has been added to the North Carolina Noxious Weed List (effective 2/1/2009). )Hand.-Mazz. at the top, 5-ribbed outside with 5 short teeth at the top; glandular and silky-tomentose outside, glabrous within. Vitex trifolia var. Vitex rotundifolia (beach vitex, Pohinahina); colonizing habit. Vitex repens Blanco. Within a few years, it spread to natural beaches and undeveloped islands. Molokai: Papohaku, Kaula ili, Within a few years, it spread to natural beaches and undeveloped islands. Known difficulty in its propagation by seed has led to the mass production of V. rotundifolia from micropropagation of nodal shoot. floating fruits. Intentional dispersal of V. rotundifolia has been by humans, primarily those owning shoreline property and planting on dunes as a sand binder and/or as an ornamental. Vitex rotundifolia (beach vitex); colonizing habit. Vitex rotundifolia, also commonly known as beach vitex, is a perennial woody shrub of coastal sand dunes of Asia and the Pacific islands. [46] Because V. rotuntifolia is not prohibited by the USA federal government, interstate trade remains without regulation and the flow of new genotypes into the country remains uninterrupted. FLEPPC Plant List Committee Documentation of the Criteria used in Determination of Category I and Category II Invasive Species. Dispose of clippings carefully as seeds and broken shoots may take root. In Hawaii, USA, V. rotundifolia occurs on all the main islands, except Kaho'olawe (Wagner et al., 1999). Common names include "chaste tree" or "chastetree", traditionally referring to V. agnus-castus but often applied to other species as well. The foliage has a spicy fragrance. Gulf coast: Santa Rosa Co., Santa Rosa Isl., Gulf Breeze Peninsula, Oahu: Koko Crater, Mokulua It has been introduced into … Recent revisions of the genus Vitex have placed V. rotundifolia in synonymy with V. trifolia subsp. Species of Vitex are native throughout the tropics and subtropics, with a few species in temperate Eurasia and one in New Zealand. Countries where the plant has been found are listed here if the information is available. International Immunology, 25(3):197-205. Leaf veins are lighter green than surrounding tissue. Vitex rotundifolia is a sprawling shrub that can grow as tall as 1.5 m though it typically ranges from 0.5 to 1 m in height. Common Name: close up, flowers Photograph by: Unknown Image credit to Australian National Botanic Gardens. Vinh Hy. [39] Large genetic variation between populations was observed with lower variation within populations, and plants within 20 m of each other were closely related. Present coverage is estimated at 0.04% of total land mass, yet modeling predictions based on occurrence and bioclimatic data suggest a future coverage increase to 3.66% in (Thalmann et al., 2015). The widespread adaptability of V. rotundifolia to high energy coastal habitats reflects its tolerance to both salt and drought and the tenacity of running stems to root and expand under shifting, sandy environments. Bishop Museum Technical Report 60. Severely alters native habitat by dominating primary dune areas with dense, sprawling, perennial, woody cover (Beach Vitex Task Force, 2013). The species is considered a prolific seed producer due to the prediction that it may produce 1000 seeds per m2 (USDA-APHIS, 2013). Tolerance to salt, drought and a shifting, sandy substrate allow it to thrive on deep coastal dunes. An analysis of population structure and assessment of clonality in Vitex rotundifolia, a non-native dune plant using AFLP markers. Approximately 76% of the fruits have been found to contain at least one viable seed, and individual fruits have an average of 1.25 viable seeds (Cousins et al., 2010b; Murren et al.. 2014). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment, 24(2):118-120. Endosperm is absent. Munir AA, 1987. (2007) used molecular markers to reveal a pattern of genetic variation that aligned with a pattern of medicinal chemical constitutes from the fruits. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/herbarium/cat/, Florida Natural Areas Inventory, 2016. Master's Thesis. Vitex rotundifolia, the roundleaf chastetree or beach vitex is a species of Vitex that is native to seashores throughout the Pacific. In 2001, V. rotundifolia was first vouchered as naturalized in the USA, from Georgetown County, South Carolina (Hauser et al., 2009). Hanoi, Vietnam. [45] A total of 187 species were examined. [45] V. rotundifolia was one of the six highest emitting species of 33 possessing this characteristic. [35] Due to this wide range of visitors, it is unlikely the plant would require a specialist insect to mediate successful pollination. In areas where it has been introduced outside of its native range, V. rotundifolia has proven to be an invasive species. Methyl chloride is produced naturally, but may be responsible for a substantial portion of the negative impacts on the stratospheric ozone layer. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 50(9):1118-1129. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/jipb, Imada C, 2012. It never sends out long running stems as does V. rotundifolia. November, 2006. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(2):409-415. http://pubs.acs.org/journals/jafcau/index.html, FLAS, 2014. Spontaneous populations in isolated areas of barrier islands and regional beaches began to occur from seeds and/or stems carried by longshore drift and coastal currents (Murren et al., 2014). Common name Roundleaf Chastetree Stem Usually grows as a trailing vine over the surface of the sand but also flowers and fruits as a shrub 1-3 m tall. Vitex ovata Thunb. Queensland Herbarium., Queensland, Australia: http://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/plants/herbarium/specimens/, CABI, Undated. Within the Lamiaceae, Vitex is placed in the polyphyletic subfamily Viticoideae along with Gmelina, Callicarpa, Premna, Cornutia and other relatives (Judd et al., 2002). Impacting on piping plover and sea turtle nesting habitat. 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