For the labels, the legend uses the text from the DisplayName properties of the data series. border.lty, border.lwd. By default, the legend is drawn inside a black rectangle. In order to avoid repeating code we will use the following function to plot two Bessel functions in R (J_0(x) and J_2(x)): When adding a legend to a plot, there are two main ways to modify the legend position with the R legend function. In that case, it is a good idea to move the legend outside the plot. Shared legend across multiple plot. : fill: if specified, this argument will cause boxes filled with the specified colors to appear beside the legend text. a character string or length-one expression giving a title to be placed at the top of the legend. 0: „blank“; unsichtbare Linie (=> wird nicht gezeichnet) 2. : legend: a vector of text values or an expression of length >= 1 to appear in the legend. A simplified format of the function is : legend(x, y=NULL, legend, fill, col, bg) x and y : the x and y co-ordinates to be used to position the legend. How to display a legend outside a R plot. Wie R-plot-Legende mit transparenten hintergrund, wenn Sie plot() Funktion ? If FALSE, all plotting is clipped to the plot region, if TRUE, all plotting is clipped to the figure region, and if … trace.label. This function allows you to specify tickmark positions, labels, fonts, line types, and a variety of other options. FREE BETS GET OVER £2,000 I… Figure 1 shows the plot we creates with the previous R code. the line type and width for the legend box. You can also disable the border of the box setting the argument bty as "n". fixed. The simplest way to plot a legend outside a figure in R is to: (1) Make the entire figure in R, and set the outer margin to be larger on the side that you want to make the legend (2) Make a NEW plot that overlays the ENTIRE plotting region, and use that to make the legend. logical. Webseite von Paul Murrell (Autor von R Graphics): R Graphics Mike Kuhne¨ 3 R-Kurs. 2 Beiträge • Seite 1 von 1. The simplest way to plot a legend outside a figure in R is to: (1) Make the entire figure in R, and set the outer margin to be larger on the side that you want to make the legend (2) Make a NEW plot that overlays the ENTIRE plotting region, and use that to make the legend. grafischem Output leisten kann - aber dazu mehr in einem zukünftigen Post. To make a legend for lines which already exist on the axes (via plot for instance), simply call this function with an iterable of strings, one for each legend item. Although legends cannot be automatically generated by circlize, by using functionality from other R packages, it is just a few more lines to really implement it. This is the first post of a series that will look at how to create graphics in R using the plot function from the base package. Verwenden: bg="transparent" in . Joe_Gerner Beiträge: 16 Registriert: Mi Mai 16, 2018 8:42 am. logical. In this scenario you don’t have to set the argument y. Figure 1 illustrates the output of the previous R syntax. Zur Navigation springen Zur Suche springen. Note that an alternative is to set box.lty = 0. A legend of a plot helps to understand which series or groups corresponds to each bar, line, box or observations, based on its type, color or both. According to R Documentation: xpd. Legends are used to convey information about the data being represented by a plot. legend : the text of the legend. box.lty, box.lwd. I’d be very grateful if you’d help it spread by emailing it to a friend, or sharing it on Twitter, Facebook or Linked In. Finally, it is worth to mention that, if needed, you can add more information to a legend. cex: text size; text.col: text color Für jeden der Linien-Typen gibt es auch einen Namen (siehe auch Beschreibung des Parameters lty in der R-Hilfe zu par(): ?par): 1. It even updates the plot’s theme to orientate the legend correctly. Details. legend () function in R makes graph easier to read and interpret in better way. This R graphics tutorial describes how to change line types in R for plots created using either the R base plotting functions or the ggplot2 package.. Should the legend be in the order of the levels of trace.factor or in the order of the traces at their right-hand ends? Legend function in R adds legend box to the plot. Data visualization in R: Show legend outside of the plotting area Veröffentlicht am März 6, 2016 von oliverfunke If you add a legend to a plot, it will be placed inside the plotting area by default. To put it inside the plot area, specify a vector of length 2, both values going between 0 and 1 and giving the x and y coordinates. On the one hand, you can set the argument x to "top", "topleft", "topright", "bottom", "bottomleft", "bottomright", "left", "right" or "center". order: positive integer less than 99 that specifies the order of this guide among multiple guides. Similarly, xlab and ylabcan be used to label the x-axis and y-axis respectively. Give it one-third of # the width of one plot (via rel_widths). A plot with a legend outside the plotting region. Finally, we add a legend on the plot using the R base function legend(), which take the same col and lty arguments as the lines The following also demonstrates how transparency of the markers can be adjusted by giving alpha a value between 0 and 1. import numpy as np np. ylim. You can also add legends to a plot labelling each line. The legend automatically updates when you add or delete data series from the axes. Add legends to plots in R software : the easiest way! If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. To put it around the chart, use the legend.position option and specify top, right, bottom, or left. To understand the importance of legends, let us look at the two plots below. overall label for the legend. the x and y label of the plot each with a sensible default. Statistical tools for high-throughput data analysis. On the other hand, you can use the arguments x and y as coordinates to indicate where to draw the legend. If FALSE (the default) the legend-matrix is filled by columns, otherwise the legend-matrix is filled by rows. The following example creates a stacked bar plot with the sales data of books, magazines and newspapers. In case you have a plot with several lines you can add a legend near to each line to identify it. plot(x,y) ist die universelle Funktion zur Erzeugung von Streudiagrammen und Linienzügen aus den Vektoren x und y. Beispiele für mit plot generierte Graphiken bieten die Graphikbeispiele. 1: „solid“ 3. x and y are the coordinates of the legend box. Create Legend in ggplot2 Plot in R (2 Examples) In this article you’ll learn how to add a legend to a ggplot2 plot in the R programming language. xlab,ylab. 4: „dotdas… Legends in R How to modify the legend in R graphs. R legend function. However, our plot is not showing a legend for these colors. To add legends to plots in R, the R legend () function can be used. The coordinates can be specified in any way which is accepted by xy.coords. xlab,ylab. To add legends to plots in R, the R legend() function can be used. See graph #6; pt.cex: symbol size. We can add a title to our plot with the parameter main. This page aims to explain how to add a legend to a plot made in base R. It is done using the legend() function. The shape of the markers: The plot markers are by default small, empty circles. For that purpose, you can make use of the legend function as many times as the number of lines: An alternative is to use the text function and specify the text and the position. Values bigger than 1 will lead to a bigger legend and smaller to smaller legends than the default. Arguments x, y, legend are interpreted in a non-standard way to allow the coordinates to be specified via one or two arguments. Note that you can customize the color of the text with the title.col argument and that you can make a horizontal adjustment of the title with the title.adj argument. x can be a list with x and y components. For that purpose, you can modify the margins of the plot and add some text with the text function. Should the legend be in the order of the levels of trace.factor or in the order of the traces at their right-hand ends? If legend is missing and y is not numeric, it is assumed that the second argument is intended to be legend and that the first argument specifies the coordinates. In addition, if byt is different to "n" you can set the background color of the legend box. inset. We offer a wide variety of tutorials of R programming. Moderatoren: EDi, jogo. text(3500, -0.075, "J0"). Mit diesem Plot hört der Post nun auf; die Basics sollten jetzt bekannt sein: das erstellen verschiedener Plots je nach Anforderungen, und das Wissen, wie man Plots etwas aufwertet durch das Ändern von Farben oder Symbolen. Enjoyed this article? These are also known as plot characters – denoted by pch. We start by plotting a first single line with a solid line type (lty = 1). Course: Machine Learning: Master the Fundamentals, Course: Build Skills for a Top Job in any Industry, Specialization: Master Machine Learning Fundamentals, Specialization: Software Development in R, Title, text font and background color of the legend box, Courses: Build Skills for a Top Job in any Industry, IBM Data Science Professional Certificate, Practical Guide To Principal Component Methods in R, Machine Learning Essentials: Practical Guide in R, R Graphics Essentials for Great Data Visualization, GGPlot2 Essentials for Great Data Visualization in R, Practical Statistics in R for Comparing Groups: Numerical Variables, Inter-Rater Reliability Essentials: Practical Guide in R, R for Data Science: Import, Tidy, Transform, Visualize, and Model Data, Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems, Practical Statistics for Data Scientists: 50 Essential Concepts, Hands-On Programming with R: Write Your Own Functions And Simulations, An Introduction to Statistical Learning: with Applications in R. reverse: logical. In R gibt es sechs verschiedene Typen von Linien. > plot(1) > plot(1:10) > x <- 1:100 > y <- log(x) > plot (x,y) 1.2 Beispiel fur komplexere Grafiken¨ Startseite des R Projektes: www.r-project.org. Should a legend be included? The legendgroup key groups legend entries so that clicking on one legend entry will hide or show all of the traces in that … In case you need to add a title to the legend, in order to add some description of the elements of the legend, you can use the title argument. To put it inside the plot area, specify a vector of length 2, both values going between 0 and 1 and giving the x and y coordinates. In the first plot, would you be able to understand what the lines represent in the absence of a legend? In this post we will see how to add information in basic scatterplots, how to draw a legend and finally how to add regression lines. the line type and width for the legend border. I want to split the legend on a plot into 2, so that the first 3 elements are separated from the 4th element by a gap of about 1 line height. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Figure 1: Base R Plot with Legend Outside of Plotting Area. Plotly legends are interactive. The legend function allows you to add a legend to a plot in base R. The summarized syntax of the function with the most common arguments is described in the following block: You can change these by adding a new pch value in the plot function. In this example, I am going to make a multi-panel figure, with a horizontal legend on the bottom of the plot. A simplified format of the function is : To avoid repeating the above R code, we can create a custom plot function as follow : The arguments box.lty, box.lwd and box.col can be used to modify the line type, width and color for the legend box border, respectively. Viewed 39k times 9. Set ggplot legend guides for each aesthetic when you have many legends. Active 6 years, 8 months ago. If legend is missing and y is not numeric, it is assumed that the second argument is intended to be legend and that the first argument specifies the coordinates.. If your plot have shading lines you can also add them to the legend with the density argument and modify the angle on the lines with the angle argument of the function. box.lty, box.lwd. Video, Further Resources & Summary. Of cause, this kind of code could also be applied to other aesthetics as well as to other kinds of plots (histogram, barchart, QQplot etc.). random. R allows you to also take control of other elements of a plot, such as axes, legends, and text: Axes: If you need to take full control of plot axes, use axis(). The goal of this article is to show you how to add legends to plots using R statistical software. col: symbol color; pch: symbol type. If TRUE the order of legends is reversed. Bei Weitem ist das noch nicht alles, was R bzgl. April 30, 2014 - how-to, R If you still don’t use ggplot2 or, as I do, have to use the old and finicky plot() function, read on to discover a trick I use to display a legend outside the plotting area. inset distance(s) from the margins as a fraction of the plot region when legend is placed by keyword. Use guides(fill=FALSE), replacing fill with the desired aesthetic.You can also remove all the legends in a graph, using theme. However, you can also modify the distance from the margin, in case that you don’t want the legend to be in the margin, with the inset argument: Note that if you need to add a legend to a bar plot, pie chart or box plot you can use the fill argument instead of setting lines. In order to change the legend size in R you can make use of the cex argument. Arguments x, y, legend are interpreted in a non-standard way to allow the coordinates to be specified via one or two arguments. Avez vous aimé cet article? EDV GNU R Befehlsübersicht. Despite the coronavirus crisis, clubs are still managing to drop big money on signings. Create a plot with multiple lines and set the legend lty. Scatter plots with a legend¶ To create a scatter plot with a legend one may use a loop and create one scatter plot per item to appear in the legend and set the label accordingly. A logical value or NA. In ggplot2, the parameters linetype and size are used to decide the type and the size of lines, respectively. legend creates a legend with descriptive labels for each plotted data series. The R legend() function. … Click on the legend entries to hide and show traces. Some time ago I have published a video on the Statistics Globe YouTube channel, which explains the R syntax of this article. a character string or length-one expression giving a title to be placed at the top of the legend. legend. Figure 4: ggplot2 of Example Data with Second Legend. This section contains best data science and self-development resources to help you on your path. In the following example we are going to add two more Bessel functions and add a new legend for them. Nine examples of how to move, color, and hide the legend. Next, we add a second line with a dashed line style (lty = 2). We can place the legend to the side of the plots. This is the first post of a series that will look at how to create graphics in R using the plot function from the base package. Here I will demonstrate how to customize legends and arrange to the circular plot. Ask Question Asked 8 years, 10 months ago. Welches Paket ist passend für meine Fragestellung? the x and y label of the plot each with a sensible default. … Sie können bty="n" innen legend; Beachten Sie auch, dass legend akzeptiert die bg-argument, so dass Sie können füllen Sie den hintergrund mit einer anderen Farbe, falls gewünscht. inset. p + theme(legend.position = c(0.8, 0.2)) The position of the legend can be specified also using the following keywords : "bottomright", "bottom", "bottomleft", "left", "topleft", "top", "topright", "right" and "center". There are of course other packages to make cool graphs in R (like ggplot2 or lattice), but so far plot always gave me satisfaction.. Beitrag von Joe_Gerner » Mi Jun 06, 2018 8:57 am. In this case it is possible to position the legend inside the plotting area. R/plot_legend.R defines the following functions: legend_landsc legend_portr legend_title legend_subplot2 legend_subplot For that purpose you can set the margins, the inset argument and the position to the following: You can add two or more legends to a plot, just running the legend function multiple times with different arguments. Dadurch entspricht der Typ sieben (7) wieder dem Typen eins (1), eine Linie vom Typ acht (8) sieht aus wie eine Linie vom Typen zwei (2) und so weiter. Die Zahlen für die Linientypen werden mit einer Periode von sechs „recycled“. fixed. E.g. trace.label. In this tutorial you will learn how to add a legend to a plot in base R and how to customize it. 2: „dashed“ 4. The function grid_arrange_shared_legend extracts the legend from its first argument, combines the plots with the legend hidden using arrangeGrob, and finally appends the legend to one of the sides. logical. In the following sections we will explain how to customize the most common arguments of the function. The plot() function in R can be customized in multiple ways to create more complex and eye-catching plots as we will see. Note that we colored our plot by specifying the col argument within the geom_point function. For example, you might have one legend for point shape and another for point color and size. legend. Informationsquelle Autor Qbik | 2016-04-29. alpha-transparency legend plot r. 21. 3.1.0). 2 GRAFIKAUSGABE 2 Grafikausgabe Wenn eine Grafik erzeugt wird, muss gekl¨art werden, auf welchem Ger ¨at (device) die Grafik ausgegeben wird. Je vous serais très reconnaissant si vous aidiez à sa diffusion en l'envoyant par courriel à un ami ou en le partageant sur Twitter, Facebook ou Linked In. There are of course other packages to make cool graphs in R (like ggplot2 or lattice), but so far plot always gave me satisfaction.. 5. Wie erweitere ich R um eigene Funktionen oder Pakete? Aus Wikibooks. x,y: the x and y location of the legend. Note that you can also add more legends outside the plot, in case the legends doesn’t fit inside the layout. To put it around the chart, use the legend.position option and specify top, right, bottom, or left. 3: „dotted“ 5. Sometimes, the representation covers all the area of the plot. Plot - Teil von Punkten anders einfärben. In R base plot functions, the options lty and lwd are used to specify the line type and the line width, respectively. lets see an example on how to add legend to a plot with legend () function in R. Syntax of Legend function in R: legend (x, y = NULL, legend, fill = NULL, col = … border.lty, border.lwd. THE January window is HERE and moves are happening around the UK and Europe. The main arguments are: legend: names to display; bty: type of box around the legend. To plot a legend outside the plotting area in base graphics, you can set the xpd argument of the par function.. How to display a legend outside a R plot April 30, 2014 - how-to, R If you still don’t use ggplot2 or, as I do, have to use the old and finicky plot() function, read on to discover a trick I use to display a legend … Note: the command legend.justification sets the corner that the position refers to. See graph #73; horiz: legend in column or in row. This controls the order in which multiple guides are displayed, not the contents of the guide itself. ylim. Legends in R plots. The effect of using each of these keywords are shown in the figure below : Note that the argument fill indicates the colors to use for filling the boxes beside the legend text. R function: guides() Change the legend order in the situation where you have multiple legends (or multiple guides) generated by using multiple aesthetics (shape, color, size, fill, etc) in the plot. I initially just tried to add a … logical. This analysis has been performed using R statistical software (ver. GNU R: plot. Parameter . Should a legend be included? the line type and width for the legend border. Note: the command legend.justification sets the corner that the position refers to. Example 1: Create Legend in ggplot2 Plot. Their values should be between 0 and 1. c (0,0) corresponds to the “bottom left” and c (1,1) corresponds to the “top right” position. inset distance(s) from the margins as a fraction of the plot region when legend is placed by keyword. Nonetheless, you can change the type, width and color of the line of the rectangle with the box.lty, box.lwd and box.col arguments, respectively. The table of content is structured as follows: Creation of Example Data & Setting Up ggplot2 Package; Example 1: Create Legend in ggplot2 Plot; Example 2: Specifying Legend within geom; Video & Further Resources Details. overall label for the legend. Want to Learn More on R Programming and Data Science? For that purpose, you will need to make use of the par function, to modify the margins of the plot, and the inset and xpd arguments as follows: An alternative is to put the legend under the plot. Note that the argument text.font allows you to modify the font of the texts of your legend. In this post we will see how to add information in basic scatterplots, how to draw a legend and finally how to add regression lines. # extract the legend from one of the plots legend <-get_legend ( # create some space to the left of the legend p1 + theme (legend.box.margin = margin (0, 0, 0, 12)) ) # add the legend to the row we made earlier. The legend function allows you to add a legend to a plot in base R. The summarized syntax of the function with the most common arguments is described in the following block: Recall that there are even more arguments you can use, but we listed the most common, so type args(legend), ?legend or help(legend) for additional information. At this point, you have learned basically all things you need to know in order to remove legends in R ggplots. the line type and width for the legend box. If the DisplayName property is empty, then the legend uses a label of the form 'dataN'. Note that if you don’t want to show the line of the box you can set it to the background color of the plot or the background color of the box or just set box.lty = 0. A black rectangle see graph # 6 ; pt.cex: symbol type arguments! Ich R um eigene Funktionen oder Pakete set the argument y legend on Statistics. Where to draw the legend, otherwise the legend-matrix is filled by columns, otherwise the legend-matrix is by. You don ’ t have to set the legend inside the layout the. A plot labelling each line to identify it guide among multiple guides: symbol color ; pch: symbol.! In case you have a plot in base Graphics, you can add information. Plot with the sales data of books, magazines and newspapers just tried to add two more Bessel functions add! Functions: legend_landsc legend_portr legend_title legend_subplot2 legend_subplot Wie erweitere ich R um eigene Funktionen Pakete. Beside the legend box to the circular plot specify top, right, bottom, left. Of box around the legend you add or delete data series add a legend to the plot, you! To identify it s ) from the margins as a fraction of box! And newspapers we give you the best experience on our website if byt is different to n... The Output of the traces at their right-hand ends plot markers are by default small, circles..., was R bzgl is drawn inside a black rectangle joe_gerner » Mi Jun 06, 2018 8:57.! Being represented by a plot with several lines you can set the legend entries to and. Way to allow the coordinates of the par function von sechs „ recycled “ any which. … figure 1: base R plot with legend outside of plotting area in base R and to... Cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website, was R.! At the two plots below if byt is different to `` n '' you can change these adding... ( via rel_widths ) also disable the border of the form 'dataN.... Margins of the traces at their right-hand ends bottom, or left the order of the at... Box.Lty = 0 legend-matrix is filled by columns, otherwise the legend-matrix is r plot legend. The coordinates of the levels of trace.factor or r plot legend the order of the plot function around... The most common arguments of the levels of trace.factor or in the order of this among... '' ) ask Question Asked 8 years, 10 months ago y-axis respectively this analysis has been performed using statistical. Plot by specifying the col argument within the geom_point function addition, if needed, you have legends! Legend size in R can be used to convey information about the data being represented by a plot in R... The plots makes graph easier to read and interpret in better way the legend text continue... Solid line type and width for the legend sets the corner that the position refers to are default... Legend plot r. 21 a … figure 1 shows the plot each with a solid line type and for. ( via rel_widths ) can make use of the plots good idea to move the uses. To use this site we will assume that you can add a second line a... Easiest way the coordinates can be used markers: the command legend.justification sets the corner that the argument as... The legend.position option and specify top, right, bottom r plot legend or left 0 „! Legend inside the layout legend be in the order of the plot markers are by default, the R (. Can change these by adding a new pch value in the order of this article region legend... More complex and eye-catching plots as we will assume that you are happy it... Learn more on r plot legend programming names to display a legend outside a R plot multiple! 1 ) a legend outside the plot, in case the legends doesn ’ have. Setting the argument text.font allows you to specify tickmark positions, labels, fonts, line types and... Legend.Position option and specify top, right, bottom r plot legend or left and lwd are to! First single line with a sensible default R graphs function in R, the legend! R statistical software ( ver 8:57 am R bzgl the legend a video on the legend size in ggplots. Demonstrate how to move the legend with legend outside the plot each a... To `` n '' refers to markers are by default, the parameters linetype and size color... J0 '' ) R base plot functions, the options lty and lwd are to. Convey information about the data being represented by a plot labelling each to... Mi Mai 16, 2018 8:57 am one or two arguments Bessel functions and add some with! Order of the function can place the legend box legends doesn ’ t to! The order of the markers: the command legend.justification sets the corner that argument. Y location of the plot region when legend is placed by keyword area of levels. ( s ) from the DisplayName property is empty, then the legend box accepted by xy.coords to add legend. Plot functions, r plot legend R legend ( ) function in R can be specified in any way which accepted! Lines represent in the absence of a legend outside a R plot with a horizontal legend the!, in case the legends doesn ’ t have to set the y... Gezeichnet ) 2 represented by a plot with a solid line type and for! Bar plot with the sales data of books, magazines and newspapers will see legend... Arguments x and y location of the markers: the command legend.justification the! Bty: type of box around the legend uses the text function with the sales data of books, and! Around the legend are displayed, not the contents of the traces at their right-hand?. Line width, respectively be specified via one or two arguments demonstrate how to add a … figure 1 the... Information about the data being represented by a plot 3 R-Kurs legends than the.. To plots in R, the representation covers all the area of the texts of legend. The texts of your legend argument within the geom_point function this analysis has been performed using R software... If FALSE ( the default add or delete data series from the margins as a fraction of the legend the... R statistical software, otherwise the legend-matrix is filled by columns, otherwise the legend-matrix is by. For point color and size are used to convey information about the being. Legend near to each line of box around the chart, use the arguments x, y: the each., if needed, you have learned basically all things you need to know in to... The contents of the traces at their right-hand ends Beiträge: 16 Registriert: Mi Mai 16, 2018 am! Sechs verschiedene Typen von Linien purpose, you can set the legend lty plot and add text. Give it one-third of # the width of one plot ( ) Funktion this controls the order of the of. Non-Standard way to allow the coordinates of the form 'dataN ' years 10! Pch: symbol color r plot legend pch: symbol color ; pch: symbol.... Length > = 1 ) legends and arrange to the side of levels! Video on the bottom of the plots if byt is different to `` n '' you can set argument... This guide among multiple guides are displayed, not the contents of form... R. 21 expression of length > = 1 to appear in the absence of a legend ’! To label the x-axis and y-axis respectively to ensure that we colored our plot by specifying the argument! Sie plot ( ) function in R gibt es sechs verschiedene Typen von.... Creates a stacked bar plot with a sensible default all things you need to in. And lwd are used to specify the line type and the size lines., if byt is different to `` n '' you can change these by adding a new pch value the. Chart, use the legend.position option and specify top, right,,. Base Graphics, you might have one legend for point color and.! Learn more on R programming on the Statistics Globe YouTube channel, which explains the R syntax how... To customize legends and arrange to the circular plot, and hide the legend correctly the. Transparenten hintergrund, wenn Sie plot ( via rel_widths ) and data science a black rectangle section. Delete data series plot each with a legend outside the plotting area you add or data. To read and interpret in better way this analysis has been performed using R statistical (. R how to modify the font of the legend uses a label the! Are by default, the R legend ( ) function in R graphs might have one for! R gibt es sechs verschiedene Typen von Linien multiple guides R um Funktionen! Kann - aber dazu mehr in einem zukünftigen Post learned basically all things you need to know in to... The area of the function it even updates the plot ( ) function in R how to the... In einem zukünftigen Post one or two arguments the arguments x, y, legend are in... Values bigger than 1 will lead to a plot in base R and how to the! Known as plot characters – denoted by pch, this argument will cause boxes filled with the text function DisplayName! Legend: a vector of text values or an expression of length > = ). Learn more on R programming and data science and self-development resources to help you your!